The Manhattan Project: Race to the Atomic Bomb · 5 Aug 2026 · 13 min

Einstein's Letter to the Bomb: The Full Story of How It Began

From Einstein's 1939 warning to Roosevelt to the spies inside Los Alamos, this is the complete origin story of the atomic bomb. The Manhattan Project's cast of characters — Oppenheimer, Groves, Fermi, Fuchs — comes into full focus.

The Manhattan Project: Race to the Atomic Bomb
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Einstein's Letter to the Bomb: The Full Story of How It Began

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Five Minutes Before Trinity

At five twenty-nine in the morning on July sixteenth, nineteen forty-five, a scientist lying face-down in the New Mexico desert pressed his eyes shut and waited. He didn't know if the device would work.

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The Letter That Started Everything

In August nineteen thirty-nine, Albert Einstein signed a letter addressed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Building the Machine

General Leslie Groves was not a theoretical physicist. He was an Army Corps of Engineers officer who'd just finished overseeing the construction of the Pentagon.

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The Squash Court

Before Los Alamos, before Trinity, there was a colder and more modest moment. A proof of concept.

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Los Alamos

The site Oppenheimer chose was a mesa in northern New Mexico. Isolated.

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The Spies

Klaus Fuchs was a German-born physicist who'd fled the Nazis and ended up working at Los Alamos. He was brilliant, calm, and trusted.

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The Plutonium Problem

Here's where the science nearly broke the project. There were two paths to a bomb.

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Five Minutes Before Trinity

At the test site in the Jornada del Muerto desert, thirty-five miles from Socorro, New Mexico, a steel tower held the device they called the Gadget. Nineteen kilograms of plutonium, surrounded by two tons of conventional explosive shaped into precise lenses.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The uranium bomb, Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima on August sixth, nineteen forty-five. It killed approximately one hundred thousand people.

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The Moral Aftermath

Oppenheimer returned from Los Alamos to the public world as a hero. He was on magazine covers.

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