From Julius Caesar sailing into Alexandria to the Soviet Union launching Sputnik, this week in history reshaped empires, science, and the Space Age. Plus: Mozart's Magic Flute, Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin, and the birth of the World Series.
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On November ninth, seventeen ninety-nine, in Paris, France, Napoleon Bonaparte pulled off one of history's most audacious power grabs. The French Directory — the five-man executive government that had stumbled through years of corruption and crisis — was swept aside in a single day.
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